{"id":22912,"date":"2021-08-20T13:08:49","date_gmt":"2021-08-20T18:08:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arknews.org\/?p=22912"},"modified":"2021-08-20T13:22:23","modified_gmt":"2021-08-20T18:22:23","slug":"senators-statue-remains-at-university-as-do-grievances-over-a-legacy-marred-by-racism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/arknews.org\/index.php\/2021\/08\/20\/senators-statue-remains-at-university-as-do-grievances-over-a-legacy-marred-by-racism\/","title":{"rendered":"Senator\u2019s statue remains at university \u2014 as do grievances over a legacy marred by racism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Although he\u2019s been dead for 26 years, it\u2019s likely U.S. Sen. J. William Fulbright\u2019s name got mentioned more at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville campus this past school year than it had since he was its president, in 1941.<\/span><\/p>\n

Last summer<\/span><\/a>, the university created an advisory committee of students, faculty, staff and alumni to \u201cEvaluate J. William Fulbright's Presence on Campus\u201d in light of growing debate over the senator\u2019s record on race. In April, after months of discussion, the panel <\/span>recommended<\/span><\/a> the university remove a bronze statue of Fulbright from the west entrance to the iconic Old Main building. It also recommended renaming the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, the university\u2019s liberal arts arm. (The college received the name in 1981, after the UA received a $1 million gift from the Stephens Charitable Trust.)<\/span><\/p>\n

But when students return to classes next week, Fulbright\u2019s statue will still be there.<\/span><\/p>\n

On July 28, the UA Board of Trustees voted to keep both the college name and the statue intact. Trustees did adopt a third, less controversial recommendation made by the panel \u2014 to remove the name of former Gov. Charles Brough from a school dining hall. Brough played a key role in the Elaine Race Massacre, a spasm of racist violence in 1919 in which white Arkansans killed more than 200 Black people.<\/span><\/p>\n

The only change the board made regarding Fulbright was to tell UA-Fayetteville administrators to add \u201ccontextualization\u201d to the statue \u201cthat affirms the University\u2019s commitment to racial equality and acknowledges Senator Fulbright\u2019s complex legacy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sen. J. William Fulbright (image public domain, via Wikimedia)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Fulbright, who served in Congress from 1943 to 1974, does have a complicated record. A staunch internationalist, he helped lay the groundwork for the creation of the United Nations, established the international scholar exchange program that still bears his name and was perhaps the Senate\u2019s most vocal opponent of the Vietnam War. He also repeatedly capitulated to segregationists among his fellow Southern Democrats. Fulbright voted against foundational civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1964, and he added his signature to <\/span>the Southern Manifesto<\/span><\/a>, a document that championed separate schools for white and Black students.<\/span><\/p>\n

By the time the UA board met in July to discuss the Fulbright issue, they may have had little choice but to go against the advisory committee\u2019s recommendations. Arkansas legislators in April passed a law making it illegal to move historical monuments without first getting clearance from the Arkansas History Commission. A legislative hearing in June, in which Republican lawmakers berated then-Chancellor Joseph Steinmetz about the possibility of moving the statue, made clear the issue had become highly politicized. (Steinmetz, who created the advisory committee, abruptly <\/span>resigned<\/span><\/a> on June 18 under circumstances that remain mysterious.)<\/span><\/p>\n

A year later, students and others who served on the committee \u2014 at the university\u2019s request \u2014 are left wondering: What was the point? The undercurrent of resentment that sparked the controversy over Fulbright\u2019s name on campus remains. After a series of discussions that lasted nearly a full academic year, some at the university now feel more frustrated than before.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cSo where does this leave us?\u201d asked Warrington Sebree, a recent graduate. \u201cBlack students must continue to walk past a statue that celebrates a man that would've fought to keep us out.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Sebree was among the UA-Fayetteville students who advocated for removing the statue and changing the name of the college. Although he was asked to be on the committee last summer, Sebree said, he declined because of a busy schedule that included prepping for the LSAT. He completed his master\u2019s in political science this spring (along with a certificate in African-American Studies) and will soon begin law school at Howard University.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>
Recent graduate Warrington Sebree feels the committee shouldn't have been formed in the first place (Credit: Tay Butler; image courtesy Warrington Sebree)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Fulbright issue was a missed opportunity for progress, Sebree said, and the board\u2019s decision confirmed his sense that the UA is fundamentally racist.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThis is not calling any individual racist, but the institution itself,\u201d he wrote in an email. \u201cIt was founded as such, it has been maintained as such, and this decision shows that it has no plan to change. Black students have no power, no agency, and no trust and support from administrators.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

A power differential bigger than any statue<\/span><\/h2>\n

Last summer, after the murder of George Floyd sparked protests across the nation, a hashtag began trending on social media in Fayetteville: <\/span>#BlackAtUARK<\/span><\/a>. Black students began sharing stories large and small about experiences of exclusion and discrimination on the mostly white campus. Some began discussing the memorialization of Fulbright as an example of the university\u2019s failure to make Black students feel welcome, and <\/span>a petition<\/span><\/a> began circulating online.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Caree Banton, an assistant professor of Afro-Caribbean History, #BlackAtUARK should be credited with forcing the university to have a conversation about Fulbright.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWell, the hashtag was everything,\u201d she said. \u201cBecause the only thing that the institution really responds to is public embarrassment.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Banton served as a faculty panelist for the committee and voted in favor of all three points \u2014 removing the statue, removing Fulbright\u2019s name from the college and removing Charles Brough\u2019s name from the dining hall.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe university currently has a 4.4% African American student population in a state that is over 15% African American. So for a senator that ultimately advocated for segregation, and to keep not only Black Arkansans away from the University of Arkansas, but essentially all Black people from those kinds of educational spaces, I think it's incumbent on an A1 research institution to take those kinds of steps in righting past wrongs,\u201d she said.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Southern Manifesto signed by Fulbright was a declaration against integrating public schools. It was drafted in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court\u2019s landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ordered school districts to desegregate across the country. The manifesto encouraged resistance to integration \u201cby any lawful means\u201d and served as a rallying cry for those opposed to equality for Black Americans in the 1950s and \u201960s.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fulbright\u2019s legacy is more nuanced than that of, say, the Confederate soldiers and generals memorialized in many Southern cities. But Banton and others argue his record on civil rights cannot be ignored, despite attempts to downplay this unsavory part of his past.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHalf the students don't know what Fulbright is and what he has done, because the university props up this idea of him being this international man of peace while he was wreaking havoc on his fellow American men and women at home,\u201d Banton said.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite Black students serving as volunteers on a committee that met for many hours over the span of a year, it\u2019s the board of trustees who ultimately made the decision. (Nine of the board\u2019s 10 members are white; its chairman, Dr. Stephen Broughton, is Black.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe students pointed out an issue and they are ultimately not going to be involved in the finality of how the issue is dealt with,\u201d Banton said, before the trustees\u2019 July vote. \u201cWho are the members of these boards? How do they get there? These are all questions that ultimately have to do with power differentials when we're trying to solve problems in institutions.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
The UA Board of Trustees voted to rename Brough Commons but rejected the advisory committee's other recommendations (Credit: Kris Johnson)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When asked for comment on the Fulbright issue, UA spokesman Mark Rushing referred to a letter<\/span> sent from university leaders to the \u201cU of A community\u201d in late July, following the board vote. (At the time, Bill Kincaid was acting chancellor; on Aug. 16, he was replaced by interim chancellor Charles Robinson.)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt is our duty to continue to advance the larger conversation that resulted from concerns about the university\u2019s association with [Fulbright and Charles Brough],\u201d the letter said. \u201cFrom this conversation we determined we can and should be doing more to create a stronger sense of belonging among the campus community.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Changes were to include a new visiting faculty program, a new scholarship program and a new space for \u201ctraditionally unhoused Greek chapters whose membership is primarily minority-based.\u201d The university also would be \u201cexpanding recruitment and retention plans for diversifying the campus on all dimensions.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cUltimately, I want you to know that the well-being of our campus community is always our highest priority,\u201d Kincaid wrote. \u201cWhen faced with disagreements, we won\u2019t always agree on the best way forward. But we will always do our utmost to ensure that our students, staff and faculty know that we are glad they are here and want them to succeed in their work and their studies.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Student voices<\/span><\/h2>\n

The letter from university leadership also noted the board of trustees\u2019 directive to add context to the Fulbright statue. But Sebree, the former student who declined to serve on the committee, questioned the sincerity of that plan.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI'm having trouble understanding what administrators believe \u2018context\u2019 will do for us now, in this moment,\u201d he wrote in an email. \u201cLet's say every person in Arkansas learns he was a racist, now what? What do they expect people to do with this information?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe university should have already taught about his legacy, they should have already given context, and they should have already denounced his racist ideologies (which they still have not yet explicitly done),\u201d Sebree said. \u201cAnd now that this has not happened, we are expected to be satisfied with the lackadaisical efforts to teach people about his \u2018entire legacy.\u2019 \u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Sebree believes a committee shouldn\u2019t have been formed in the first place \u2014 that it ended up serving as a performative gesture with no substance.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe students on that committee sacrificed their time,\u201d he said. \u201cBlack students were essentially forced to sit there and listen to people come in and invalidate their feelings.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Three Black students who served on the panel expressed doubts that the exercise was worth the time and effort involved.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tyrah Jackson, a rising senior majoring in anthropology, criminology and English on a pre-law track, said some students on the committee felt they couldn\u2019t express their experiences when discussing Fulbright\u2019s legacy with historians.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt's like, \u2018OK, yeah, you may have done that. But I'm Black. I'm telling you how I feel.\u2019 I don't know what his credibility has to do with my feelings. And it became so overwhelming that I started not attending a lot of the meetings.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI know I'm not the only student who didn't feel like I could speak freely,\u201d Jackson said. \u201cIt started to feel like a distraction from hiring more Black faculty and staff, hiring more Black counselors, from getting more funding for Black students.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Tyrah Jackson said the committee began to 'feel like a distraction' from more substantive issues (Credit: Kris Johnson)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tamara Kuykendall, a former track athlete and current graduate student in higher ed, served on the committee without really knowing much about Fulbright\u2019s past.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI didn\u2019t really know who this man was. When I got to the campus I saw his name on the building. I heard he had a big scholarship for students but I didn\u2019t really know anything about him until the Black Student Caucus put out its demands,\u201d said Kuykendall.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI don\u2019t understand the need to have created the committee,\u201d she said. \u201cAt the end of the day I think the institution needs to best serve its current students, not older alumni who get their panties in a wad.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI think in the future if there\u2019s ever another students\u2019 demand, there needs to be more student participation,\u201d she said. \u201cYes, it's good to hear about other perspectives and get different contexts, but in my opinion, it all comes down to how the students feel.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Braziel Hatch, a third year doctoral student in economics, said he wasn\u2019t familiar with the extent of Fulbright\u2019s civil rights record when he joined the committee.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI knew he was a little racist, but most old white guys from that time period are, so I didn't really dig down into it much further,\u201d he said. \u201cBeing in Fayetteville, an area that\u2019s already a bit synonymous with lack of diversity, Fulbright's just a bit of a cherry on top, if you will. That's not going to be the straw that broke the camel's back. There's a bunch of things that probably need to be addressed.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Hatch said he wonders why Chancellor Steinmetz created an advisory committee at all, considering he did not fully endorse its recommendations before his resignation. \u201cI did feel a little bit like my time was wasted,\u201d Hatch said. \u201cHe could have done that from the get-go, instead of having us speak for him.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMuch of the state is not in line with the decisions that we had made,\u201d Hatch said. \u201cThat surprised me a little bit.\u201d Ultimately, though, he said he was \"just thankful for the opportunity to contribute. I'm sure the school has everyone's best interest at heart.\"<\/span><\/p>\n

The committee\u2019s recommendations were not unanimous. Out of 19 voting members, 15 voted to remove the statue and one voted against it, with three members absent. However, just 11 voted to remove Fulbright\u2019s name from the college, with five against and three absent. All 16 members present for the vote said Brough\u2019s name should be stripped from the dining hall.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
(Credit: Kris Johnson)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A tarnished legacy<\/span><\/h2>\n

In some ways, the public uproar has perhaps made it more difficult to discuss Fulbright\u2019s history. Several members of the advisory committee declined requests to be interviewed for this story, including Gerald Jordan, a journalism professor, and Hoyt Purvis, a journalism professor emeritus who served as longtime staffer of Fulbright when he was a senator.<\/span><\/p>\n

Randall Woods, a distinguished professor of history, a former dean of Fulbright College and the author of Fulbright\u2019s definitive biography, spoke to the advisory committee several times. Woods\u2019 preference was to move the statue but preserve Fulbright\u2019s name on the college, the approach later endorsed by Chancellor Steinmetz before his resignation.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFulbright\u2019s record is a paradox,\u201d Woods said, noting the mixed legacies of Founding Fathers such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe.<\/span><\/p>\n

Born in 1905, Fulbright grew up in Fayetteville and attended the University of Arkansas, where he was class president. After law school at George Washington University and a stint as an antitrust attorney in Washington, D.C., he returned to Fayetteville to lecture in the university\u2019s law school. In 1939, he became its youngest ever president, at age 34.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fulbright won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1942, then the Senate two years later, where he soon became known as a leading advocate of internationalism and a skeptic of American military interventions abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHe had a strict segregationist voting record when he was in the Senate, including signing the Southern Manifesto and voting against the Voting Rights Act of 1965,\u201d Woods said. \u201cAt the same time, he was crusading against colonialism in Cold War policy, in which the United States aligned itself with reactionary dictatorships in the name of anti-communism.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cHe believed, and there's some credibility to it, that he could not both attack America's Cold War foreign policy, its obsessive anti-communism, its interventionism and at the same time support measures of racial justice in Congress. So that's his defense. I think he believed that.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Woods said <\/span>the Fulbright International Exchange Program<\/span><\/a> is a \u201cliving testament\u201d to the senator\u2019s goals of promoting peace. The program, which is ongoing today and is facilitated by the U.S. government, includes a membership of 160 countries with more than 370,000 participants.<\/span><\/p>\n

The program \u201dhas done more than any other initiative to increase cultural tolerance, knowledge of intolerance within the international community,\u201d Woods said. \u201cParticularly, he was worried about exposing provincial Americans to other cultures.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

But historian Mike Pierce sees Fulbright\u2019s legacy as a less complicated matter. An associate professor of history in Fulbright College, Pierce was a member of the committee who voted in favor of both removing the statue and renaming the college. The university has a core function of serving all of its students and making them feel welcome, he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen the university uses its resources to commemorate and honor someone who used his tremendous power to prevent one group of Arkansans from achieving full citizenship, that honoring is telling certain students that they're going to be second class citizens at the University of Arkansas,\u201d Pierce said. \u201cThat means that the University of Arkansas is not fulfilling its core teaching mission.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cI know a lot of people want to make the debate about Fulbright himself. But that's not where the debate should be. The committee got evaluations, and students overwhelmingly told us, especially students of color, that this made them feel unwelcome on campus. It deterred other students that they knew from within the state from coming to the University of Arkansas.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Pierce said it\u2019s a mistake to explain away the senator\u2019s record on race as an artifact of the times in which he lived.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThere was a lot of misinformation that came to the committee from the general public, but also from people who should know better. And they were trying to excuse J. William Fulbright's opposition to civil rights. They were trying to say, \u2018You know, he really didn't mean it,\u2019 that he was just being politically expedient. But that's absolutely not the case,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bThis story is courtesy of<\/span><\/i> the Arkansas Nonprofit News Network<\/span><\/i><\/a>, an independent, nonpartisan news project dedicated to producing journalism that matters to Arkansans.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Students who served on a university committee that recommended the statue\u2019s removal ask whether the exercise was doomed from the start.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":22913,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[413,414],"tags":[421,417,415,418,422,419,416,420],"class_list":["post-22912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-higher-ed","category-race-and-identity","tag-caree-banton","tag-charles-brough","tag-j-william-fulbright","tag-joseph-steinmetz","tag-tyrah-jackson","tag-ua-board-of-trustees","tag-university-of-arkansas","tag-warrington-sebree"],"yoast_head":"\nSenator\u2019s statue remains at university \u2014 as do grievances over a legacy marred by racism - Arkansas Nonprofit News Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Students who served on a university committee that recommended the statue\u2019s removal ask whether the exercise was doomed from the start.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/index.php\/2021\/08\/20\/senators-statue-remains-at-university-as-do-grievances-over-a-legacy-marred-by-racism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Senator\u2019s statue remains at university \u2014 as do grievances over a legacy marred by racism - Arkansas Nonprofit News Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Students who served on a university committee that recommended the statue\u2019s removal ask whether the exercise was doomed from the start.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/index.php\/2021\/08\/20\/senators-statue-remains-at-university-as-do-grievances-over-a-legacy-marred-by-racism\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Arkansas Nonprofit News Network\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-08-20T18:08:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-08-20T18:22:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/arknews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Fulbright-statue-back-view-web-common-credit-KJ.jpeg.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1366\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Katy Henriksen\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"14 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Arkansas Nonprofit News Network\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/\",\"sameAs\":[],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/annn_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/annn_logo.png\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":900,\"caption\":\"Arkansas Nonprofit News Network\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/\",\"name\":\"Arkansas Nonprofit News Network\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/index.php\/2021\/08\/20\/senators-statue-remains-at-university-as-do-grievances-over-a-legacy-marred-by-racism\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Fulbright-statue-back-view-web-common-credit-KJ.jpeg.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/arknews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Fulbright-statue-back-view-web-common-credit-KJ.jpeg.jpg\",\"width\":1366,\"height\":768,\"caption\":\"Sen. 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